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Evidence Base Home » Community Violence » Risk factors for community violence and individual crime include income inequality rates of social connection being a victim of crime parolee programs and access to criminogenic substances

Articles in Risk factors for community violence and individual crime include income inequality, rates of social connection, being a victim of crime, parolee programs, and access to criminogenic substances.

  • In a study of the relationship between state-level homicide rates and income inequality (economic disparity), the greater inequity in income levels of residents accounted for 52% of the variance in homicide.

    Kawachi I, Kennedy BP, Wilkins RG. 1999. Crime, social disorganization and relative deprivation. Social Science and Medicine 48:719-731.

  • In a US study, income inequality, lack of social trust, and low rates of group membership were highly correlated with firearm violent crime.

    Kennedy BP, Kawachi I, Prothrow-Stith D, Lochner K, Gupta V. 1998. Social capital, income inequality, and firearm violent crime. Soc Sci Med 47(1):7-17.

  • Crime is associated with low social capital (often measured as connection and trust to others in the community and/or civic involvement).

    Kawachi I, Kennedy BP, Wilkins RG. 1999. Crime, social disorganization and relative deprivation. Social Science and Medicine 48:719-731.

  • Being a victim of violence during adolescence carries a 38% higher likelihood of 'nonsuccess' as an adult (defined as employment, abstinence from crime, holding conventional beliefs about right/wrong, and having a support network).

    Office of Justice Programs. 2002. Overview of the research literature on consequences of criminal victiminization. National Criminal Justice Referral Service. US. Dept. of Justice. Available at HYPERLINK "http://www.ncjrs.gov/html/ojjdp/yv_2002_2_1/page1.html" http://www.ncjrs.gov/html/ojjdp/yv_2002_2_1/page1.html

  • Being a victim of violence during adolescence nearly doubles the risk of problem drug use during adulthood.

    Prevention Institute (2005). HYPERLINK "http://www.preventioninstitute.org/pdf/AC_VP_Blueprint_7_1_05.pdf" A Lifetime Commitment to Violence Prevention: The Alameda County Blueprint. Available at HYPERLINK "http://www.preventioninstitute.org/alameda.html" Accessed on September 26, 2006.

  • Exposure to violence is associated with more perpetration of violence among Chinese American adolescents living in urban areas.

    Ozer EJ, McDonald KL. 2006. Exposure to violence and mental health among Chinese American urban adolescents. J Adolesc Health 39(1):73-79.

  • Poverty; lack of economic opportunity; access to criminogenic substances such as drugs, guns, alcohol; poor response to community calls about blighted properties and nuisances by police and other city agencies; lack of programming for youth and parolees are all risk factors for crime. (4,6,7)

    Prevention Institute (2005). HYPERLINK "http://www.preventioninstitute.org/pdf/AC_VP_Blueprint_7_1_05.pdf" A Lifetime Commitment to Violence Prevention: The Alameda County Blueprint. Available at HYPERLINK "http://www.preventioninstitute.org/alameda.html" Accessed on September 26, 2006.
    Garcia, R.T. (2002). Multi-Agency Collaborative: Vallejo Neighborhood Revitalization. Golden Gate University Master?s in Public Administration thesis.
    Sherman L, Gotfredson D, Mackenzie D, Eck J, Rueter P, Bushway (1997). Preventing crime: What works, what doesn't, what's promising: A report to the United States Congress, National Institute of Justice, Washington D.C. Available at HYPERLINK "http://www.cjcentral.com/sherman/sherman.htm" http://www.cjcentral.com/sherman/sherman.htm

  • The state of a city's prisoner reentry programs can affect crime: in a 15-state study, two-thirds of prisoners released in 1994 were arrested during a 3-year follow-up period. Just under half of parolees complete their parole supervision successfully, a 25% decrease from 20 years ago. (9)

    Travis, J. & Petersilia, J. (2001). Reentry Reconsidered: a new look at an old question. Crime & Delinquency 47(3). 291-313.
    Hughes, T., Wilson, D., & Beck, A. (2001). Trends in State Parole, 1990–2000. Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report. Washington D.C. NCJ 184735.

  • Different areas have varying levels of adults on parole. While the number of adults on parole grew in 2003 nationally by 3%, seventeen states saw increases of 25-50%.

    Glaze, L. & Palla, S. (2004). Probation and Parole in the United States, 2003. Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.